The influenza A virus (IAV) has the potential to cause a pandemic with a sizeable health and socio-economic burden. A virus protein, basic polymerase 1-frame2 (PB1-F2), a virulence factor, has a pro-apoptotic activity and contribute to the pathogenesis of the virus to delay eradication of the virus and induce inflammation. Macrophages are susceptible to IAV infection and produce high levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In this study, the pro-inflammatory effect of PB1-F2 is derived peptides was evaluated by measuring the expression of key inflammatory mediators in the murine macrophage cell line J774.1.
PB1-F2 treated macrophages checked for (NO) production of nitric oxide, inflammatory cytokines, and enzyme expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines using the Griess reagent, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ELISA, respectively. Our results indicate that PB1-F2 peptide non-cytotoxic concentrations (0.1 to 0.8 umol / ml) had no effect on NO production.
When applied Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -treated macrophages, PB1-F2 peptide at 0.8 umol / mLincreasedinducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX) -2, and interleukin (IL) -6 gene expression of 2.02, 3.81 and 3.65 folds, respectively. PB1-F2 at concentrations of 0.4 and 0.8 pM / mL increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α transcription by 4.15 and 5.55 fold. In the post-translational level, TNF-α increased from 166.5 ± 13.88 in LPS-treated cells 773.6 ± 95.27 and 76.31 ± 1485 at concentrations of 0.4 and 0.8 umol / mL in PB1 -F2 peptide, respectively.
However, PB1-F2 peptide has no significant effect on IL-6 production. These findings indicate that PB1-F2 peptide may partially exert its role increase in pathogenicity of the virus through the induction of inflammatory mediators in macrophages. Therefore, targeting peptide PB1-F2 will assist in the reduction of virus infection complications.
Pro-inflammatory Effects of Influenza Type A Virus PB1-F2 Protein-derived Peptide in Lipopolysaccharide-treated Macrophages
Naja Kaouthia Venom Protein, Nk-CRISP, regulate inflammation Gene Expression in Human Macrophages
Cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP) is widespread in the venom and known ion channel targets. More recently, chips have been shown to mediate the inflammatory response. Potential receptors involvement in CRISP-induced inflammatory reaction, however, is still unknown. A protein named Nk-CRISP CRISP, isolated from the venom Naja kaouthia.
Purified protein molecular mass of ~ 25 kDa and found primer sequences determined by MALDI TOF-TOF. The involvement of this protein in the proinflammatory effects evaluated in THP-1 macrophage-like cells. CRISP Nk-treated cells induced up-regulation of several genes in inflammatory markers with a dose-dependent manner. Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) -myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) complexes are known to play critical roles in recognition of damage / pathogen associated molecular patterns and activation of the innate immune response.
Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine (BRAK) Antibody
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Porcine Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Pig Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Porcine Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Pig Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Porcine Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Dog Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Dog Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Dog Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Rat Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Rat Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Rat Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Rat Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Goat Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Goat Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Goat Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Goat Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Goat Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Goat Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Human Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Human Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Human Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Mouse Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Mouse Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Mouse Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rabbit Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Rabbit Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rabbit Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Rabbit Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rabbit Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Rabbit Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Monkey Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Monkey Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Monkey Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Monkey Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Monkey Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Monkey Breast And Kidney Expressed Chemokine ELISA kit
Therefore, we hypothesized that venom CRISP can also modulate the innate immune response via TLR4-MD2 complex. In-silico molecular docking studies cobra CRISP with TLR4-MD2 receptor complex reveal the CRISP involved cysteine-rich domain (CRD) to interact with the complex. Inhibition of TLR4 signaling pathway using the CLI-095 confirms the role of TLR4 in Nk-CRISP induced inflammatory response. Collectively, these findings imply that the initiation of proinflammatory TLR4 following signal recognition cobra CRISP and TLR4 receptor changes may increase or control the CRISP-induced inflammation.
